Writing

Lesson 1 - Hygiene

• Assumptive Adverb Opener: Obviously, it works.
• Connection Language: Attaching and pushing away.
• Experiential Language: Talk about real experience.
• Final Impact: Put the impact at the end of the sentence.
• Future Language: Using the future in persuasion.
• Hidden Commands: Burying commands in sentences.
• Intensifiers: increasing the emotional impact of a statement.
• Object Focus: Focus on the object and let the subject slip by.
• Perceptual language: What you perceive, not what is.
• Possibility Language: Talking about what could be.
• Power Words: Words that have special meaning.
• Pronoun Language: I, you and so on add power.
• Punch Words: Words with impact.
• Sensory Language: Language that evokes senses.
• Short Sentences: Like this. That work. Of course.
• Temporal Language: Changing time and hence meaning.
• Trivializing Words: Deflating what others say.
• Using Pauses: Adding power with very largely nothing. 

Essay Writing

 

Linking phrases for essays

Writing that is clear and enjoyable to read offers the reader a sense of purpose and direction. Using ‘signpost’ phrases to introduce new sentences and paragraphs such as those suggested below also helps you as a writer to stay on track.
Starters for the beginning of essays, sections or paragraphs

• Firstly, …
• The purpose of this assignment is to…..
• In order to….. X first needs to be explained/ outlined.
• To begin with…
• In this essay/section it will be shown that….
• There are differing explanations/opinions as to why….
• It is first necessary to explain…
• In the following essay/section, X will be examined.

Supporting a point to illustrate, connect or reinforce a point just made

• In addition,…
• Furthermore,…
• This is further shown by the fact that….
• This is further illustrated by….
• This idea is supported by X when he writes “…….”

Presenting a contrasting point in a new sentence or paragraph

• In contrast to this,…..
• Whilst…. , ……..
• Furthermore…
• On the other hand…
• However,…
• A further point/reason is that…
• Although….
• In addition to these points, it could be argued that…
• In spite of this…

Conlusions/endings to introduce a final point in a paragraph or essay

• Despite arguments/evidence to the contrary, I would argue that….
• On balance, it can be argued that….
• As a result….
• Further questions that could be addressed concern whether…..
• This raises the further areas of investigation such as…

•  Useful Words

To indicate more information Besides - Making an additional point; anyway Furthermore In addition Moreover Likewise Indeed – In truth In fact Also As well Foremost - Ranking above all others; Preceding all others in spatial position First, Second, Third, Finally Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly To indicate an example For example For instance In particular Particularly - Specifically or especially distinguished from others Specifically To illustrate To demonstrate To indicate a cause or reason Since Because Because of Due to For For the reason that As Inasmuch as - Since Whereby - As a result of which, By which, "the means whereby we achieved our goal" To indicate a result or an effect Accordingly - because of the reason given Consequently Hence So Therefore Thus Thusly - In the way indicated Thence - From that fact or reason or as a result Therefrom - From that circumstance or source Thereof - Of or concerning this or that, From that circumstance or source Corollary - A practical consequence that follows naturally, "blind jealousy is a frequent corollary of passionate love" To conclude For the aforementioned reasons For the aforementioned reasons, there is no doubt that To sum up the foregoing, Given these facts In conclusion In closing To conclude To express an opinion In all due fairness With good judgment, (one/we may) To describe or make vivid portray depict exhibit illustrate expose present paint a portrait limn - Trace the shape of, make a portrait of delineate represent demonstrate constitute - Form or compose embodied - (adj) Expressed by embody - (v) Represent or express in tangible form embodiment To prove manifest - Provide evidence for; stand as proof of attest - Provide evidence for testify - Provide evidence for certify - Provide evidence for endorse, indorse - Give support or one's approval to shew - Establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment establish instance - (v) Clarify by giving an example of exemplify - (v) Clarify by giving an example of To compare or contrast Whereas In comparison In contrast However Although On the other hand Likewise Similarly But Yet Withal - Despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) Withal - Together with this Nevertheless - Despite anything to the contrary Nonetheless - Despite anything to the contrary Notwithstanding - Despite anything to the contrary Even so - Despite anything to the contrary All the same - Despite anything to the contrary To indicate time After Before Currently During Eventually Finally First, Second, etc. Formerly Immediately Initially Lastly Later Meanwhile Next Once Previously Simultaneously Soon Subsequently Subsequent - Following in time and order Hitherto, Heretofore - Used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time, “The sun hasn’t rose hitherto.” In due time Henceforth To indicate certainty Truly Sincerely Genuinely Surely Rightfully Absolutely Indubitably Certainly Without doubt Needless to say To indicate doubt Most likely More likely Possibly Probably Dubitable - Open to doubt or suspicion Dubious - Distressed with uncertainty or doubt To summarize Overall To summarize In summary To sum up Paraphrased Briefly In brief Summing up To put it briefly précis - A sketchy summary, Make a summary (of) synopsis - A sketchy summary apercu - A short synopsis To provide a condition provision, proviso - A stipulated condition stipulate - Specify as a condition or requirement in a contract given if whether whenever when while To express positive words magnificent grandeur - The quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand, the quality of being exalted in character or ideals or conduct magnanimous - The quality of being exalted in character or ideals or conduct fantastic fantastical phenomenal wonderful extraordinary marvelous superb good fine great avid - Emotionally desirable avid ambition to succeed excellent spectacular prodigious grand brilliant glorious - Bringing great happiness and thankfulness illustrious - Widely known and esteemed notable - Worthy of notice respected impressive splendid splendiferous - Having great beauty and splendor resplendent - Having great beauty and splendor, Richly and brilliantly colorful flamboyant - Elaborately or excessively ornamented, Richly and brilliantly colorful redoubtable - Having or worthy of pride formidable - Extremely impressive in strength or excellence prowess superior terrific tremendous wondrous - Extraordinarily good wonderful sublime - Inspiring awe, Lifted up or set high flair - natural talent knack - A special way of doing something outshine - Attract more attention and praise than others paramount - Having superior power and influence predominant preponderating prevailing To show intelligence profound shrewd – hardheaded (practical experience and observation) intelligence astute acumen - Shrewdness shown by keen insight insightful savvy - The cognitive condition of someone who understands cognition - The psychological result of perception, learning and reasoning genius smart sharp keen mastermind Einstein - Someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality work of art fine art maven - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field mavin - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field adept - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field whiz - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field wizard - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field To intensify incredibly exceedingly toppingly - extremely well extremely extraordinarily truly really very utterly - Completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers, With sublimity; in a sublime manner absolutely perfectly sublimely dramatically sheer - (adj.) Complete and without restriction or qualification; sometimes used informally as an intensifier; (adv.) Directly "he fell sheer into the water" Said enounced, enunciated - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way pronounced - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way articulated - Express or state clearly vocalized - Express or state clearly posited - Put firmly stated expressed reported alleged - Declared but not proved averred - Report or maintain, To declare or affirm in a grave manner and formally as true affirmed, asserted wrote composed indited - Produce a literary work penned - Produce a literary work spelt - Indicate or signify voiced, sounded - Give voice to demean - Reduce in worth or character, usually verbally Noted (said) remarked denoted - Be a sign or indication of, "Her smile denoted that she agreed" observed commented mentioned referred announced noticed Precisely explicitly accurately expressly exactly incisively Numerous innumerable many various several diverse umpteen umteen myriad (noun and adj.) Praise extol - (v) Praise, glorify, or honor exalt glorify laud proclaim revere idolize worship venerate Call Forth evoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) arouse - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) elicit - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) enkindle - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) provoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) inflame - Arouse or excite feelings and passions awake - Stop sleeping conjure - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic invoke - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic summon - Gather or bring together instill - deposit gradually  Rewrite the first paragraph using more current vocabulary and full sentences.   Extract of BLEAK HOUSE by Charles Dickens London. Michaelmas term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln's Inn Hall. Implacable November weather. As much mud in the streets as if the waters had but newly retired from the face of the earth, and it would not be wonderful to meet a Megalosaurus, forty feet long or so, waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill. Smoke lowering down from chimney-pots, making a soft black drizzle, with flakes of soot in it as big as full-grown snowflakes--gone into mourning, one might imagine, for the death of the sun. Dogs, undistinguishable in mire. Horses, scarcely better; splashed to their very blinkers. Foot passengers, jostling one another's umbrellas in a general infection of ill temper, and losing their foot-hold at street-corners, where tens of thousands of other foot passengers have been slipping and sliding since the day broke (if this day ever broke), adding new deposits to the crust upon crust of mud, sticking at those points tenaciously to the pavement, and accumulating at compound interest. Vocabulary. Michaelmas = 29th September (Christian feast) implacable = merciless/ relentless drizzle = light rain soot = particles of fuel found in smoke mire = wet, muddy ground